خودمدیریتی دموکراتیک و جایگاه کردها در بحران سوریه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز. ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته رشته مطالعات خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا از دانشگاه شیراز. ایران

چکیده

در نتیجه تغییر و تحولات سیاسی و اجتماعی گسترده در خاورمیانه در یک دهه اخیر، به ویژه بعد از شعله‌ور شدن قیام‌ های موسوم به بهار عربی، زمینه‌های لازم برای ایفای نقش اقلیت‌ های قومی و مذهبی در بسیاری از کشورهای که تحت تاثیر این تحولات بودند فراهم شد. ضعف جوامع مدنی در کشورهای خاورمیانه، عدم همگرایی آراء و مطالبات کنشگران مختلف در این کشورها و ماشین سرکوب قدرتمند دولت‌های اقتدارگرا سبب شد بسیاری از این قیام‌ها و حرکت‌های گسترده اعتراضی راه بجایی نبرد. امروز بعد از گذشت بیش از هشت سال از شروع قیام مردم در سوریه، نه تنها مطالبه آزادی و دموکراسی ره به جای نبرده، بلکه حاکمیت اقتدارگرایی رژیم بعث در آستانه اعلام پیروزی بر مخالفان خود است. کردهای سوریه به همراه هم پیمانان خود که بخش بزرگی از شمال و شمال شرق سوریه را تحت عنوان «خودمدریتی مناطق شمال و شرق سوریه» در اختیار دارند، در تلاش هستند تا یک سیستم حاکمیتی غیرمتمرکز مورد توافق تمام طرفین ایجاد کنند. تلاشی که تا کنون بی‌نتیجه بوده است. در این مقاله با روش تحلیل – توصیفی و با استناد به داده ها و از طریق جستجو در ادبیات و مباحث نظری به بررسی وضعیت کردها در سوریه، سیر تکاملی جنبش کردی در این کشور و تحولات آن در قالب خودمدیریتی دموکراتیک پرداخته شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

مراجع

اوجالان, عبدالله. (2010). نقشه راه. مرکز نشر آثار و نوشته‌های اوجالان.
صالحی، سیدجواد. (1391). منحنی تحولات اصلاحی در سوریه و تحلیل نقش اپوزیسیون در این کشور. فصلنامه مطالعات خاورمیانه, 3.
 
AHRSO. (2010), The REPORT on HUMAN RIGHTS in SYRIA. The Association for Human Rights and Solidarity for the Oppressed. ISTANBUL: MAZLUMDER Istanbul Branch.
Altuğ, S. (2013), The Syrian uprising and Turkey’s ordeal with the Kurds.Dialectical anthropology, 37(1), 123-130.
Bülent Küçük and Ceren zselçuk. (2016, January), Struggling for Democratic Autonomy in Kurdistan. South Atlantic Quarterly.
Cengiz Gunes and Robert Lowe. (2015, July), The Impact of the Syrian War on Kurdish Politics Across the Middle East.
Duckett, B. (2005), Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Reference Reviews.
Erkmen, S. (2012, August), KURDISH MOVEMENTS IN SYRIA. CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STRATEGIC STUDIES.
Fulton, W., Holliday, J., & Wyer, S. (2013), Iranian strategy in Syria.
Gunter, M. M. (2015), Iraq, Syria, ISIS and the Kurds: Geostrategic Concerns for the US and Turkey. Middle East Policy, 22(1), 102-111.
ICG. (2015, December 17), A Sisyphean Task? Resuming Turkey-PKK Peace Talks. Crisis Group Europe. Istanbul: Crisis Group Europe.
Jayamaha, B. (2014, December), A Daunting Triangle: Turkey, the Kurds, and the ISIL Threat. CTC, 7(11).
Kaya, K. (2014), The Syrian Crisis from a Neighbor's Perspective: View from Turkey. Military Review, 94(2), 42.
KNK. (2014), Canton Based Democratic Autonomy of Rojava (Western Kurdistan – Northern Syria) A Transformations Process from Dictatorship to Democracy. Kurdistan National Congress (KNK) . Brussels: Kurdistan National Congress (KNK). Available from www.kongrakurdistan.net
KurdWatch. (2009), The Al-Qamishli Uprising. KurdWatch. Berlin: Kurd Watch.
Gellner, E., & Brouilly, J. (1983), Nations and nationalism (Vol. 1). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Landis, J., & Pace, J. (2007), The Syrian Opposition. The Washington Quarterly, 30(1), 45-68.
Lesser, I. O. (2000). NATO Looks South. New Challenges and New Strategies in the Meditarranean (No. RAND/MR-1126-AF), RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA.
Lowe, R. (2006), The Syrian Kurds: a people discovered. Middle East Programme Briefing Paper, 6(1), 1-7.
Lowe, R. (2014), The emergence of Western Kurdistan and the future of Syria. In Conflict, democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East (pp. 225-246). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Lynch, M., & Ali, P. (2006), Buried Alive: Stateless Kurds in Syria. Refugees International, Washington, DC, February, 14.
McMurray, D. A., & Ufheil-Somers, A. (2013), The Arab revolts: Dispatches on militant democracy in the Middle East. Indiana University Press.
Öcalan, A. (2013), Liberating Life: Woman’s Revolution (1 ed.). International Initiative Edition in cooperation with Mesopotamian Publishers, Neuss.
OECD. (2014), WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE Gender, law and policy in the Middle East and North Africa. CAW T A R Center of Arab Women for Training and Research. OECD. Available from http://www.oecd.org
Olson, R. (1997), Turkey-Syria relations since the Gulf War: Kurds and water.Middle East Policy, 5(2), 168.
O'SHEA, M. T. (2004), Between the map and the reality: some fundamental myths of Kurdish nationalism. Peuples méditerranéens, (68-69), 165-183.
Tejel, J. (2008), Syria's Kurds: history, politics and society. Routledge.
Wolfgang Taucher - Mathias Vogl - Peter Webinger. (2015), THE KURDS History - Religion - Language – Politics. Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior. Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior.
Yildiz, K. (2005), The Kurds in Syria: the forgotten people. Pluto Press (UK).
Ziadeh, R. (2009), The Kurds in Syria: Fueling Separatist Movements in the Region? United States Institute of Peace (USIP).
Sonalini, Sapra. 2005. "Discrimination in Cities." Washington Post. hhtp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/nation/A12005May6.html (accessed December 23, 2006).
Steenkamp, C. (2014), Violent Societies: Networks of Violence in Civil War and Peace.
Research Institutions and News Websites.
Ahmed, N. (2013, August 30), Syria intervention plan fueled by oil interests, not chemical weapon concern. Guardian. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2013/aug/30/syria-chemical-attack-war-intervention-oil-gas-energy-pipelines.
Akyol, M. (2016, February), AKP moderate declared 'traitor'. Al-Monitor. Available from http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/turkey-moderate-akp-pillar-declared-traitor.html#ixzz3zDPLIZHC
Al-Arabiya. (2013, August 7), The Economy of Kurdish Region of Syria. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcWvGMXxE64.
ARSUNOV, S. (2011, Novamber 22), Turkish Premier Urges Assad to Quit in Syria. NewYork Times. Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/turkish-leader-says-syrian-president-should-quit.html.
Barbarani, S. (2015, July 6), Syria: Anti-Isis Westerners fighting for Kurds disillusioned with YPG's 'school trip with guns' tactics. International Business Times. Available from: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/syria-anti-isis-westerners-fighting-kurds-disillusioned-ypgs-school-trip-guns-strategy-1509470.
Bihar. (2014, October), Multi-Sector Intial Rapid Assessment. Bihar Relief Organization. Bihar Relief Organization. Available from http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/multi-sector-initial-rapid-assessment-kobani-crisis-response.
Harvey, G. (2014, September), FULL 60 Minutes: Kurdish Female Fighters against ISIS – FEMALE. STATE. 60 Minutes. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lro62AJ6e7M&feature=youtu.be.
HRW. (1996, October), The Silenced Kurds. Human Rights Watch. Available from https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Syria.htm.
Hunter, I. (2014, October 8), Isis in Kobani: John Kerry says preventing the fall of the town is 'not a strategic objective'. Independent. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-in-kobani-still-no-sign-of-turkey-reacting-to-threat-on-its-border-as-john-kerry-says-9783372.html.
IHS. (2015, December 21), Islamic State's Caliphate Shrinks by 14 Percent in 2015. IHS. Available from http://press.ihs.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-security/islamic-states-caliphate-shrinks-14-percent-2015.
Kurdishqueston. (2015, October 22), Slavoj Zizek: Kurds Are the Most Progressive, Democratic Nation in The Middle East. Kurdish Question. Available from: http://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldsite/index.php/interviews/slavoj-zizek-kurds-are-the-most-progressive-democratic-nation-in-the-middle-east.html.
Marc A. Thiessen & Michael V. Hayden. (2016, March 26), Gen. Michael Hayden on ‘the security challenge no one is talking about’. AEI. Available from http://www.aei.org/publication/gen-michael-hayden-on-the-security-challenge-no-one-is-talking-about.
McLaughlin, J. (2015, January), Why is America's ISIS strategy in Syria all about bombing the hell out of Kobani? MotherJones. Available from http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/01/airstrikes-syria-kobani-statistics-operation-inherent-resolve.
Micallef, J. V. (2016, February 22), The Enemy of My Enemy: Russia and the Kurds Reshape the Syrian Civil War. Huffington post. Available from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-v-micallef/the-enemy-of-my-enemy-rus_b_9282978.html.
MOHAMED, M. (2016, January), WILL THE U.S. COALITION HELP EXPEL ISIS FROM AL-SHADADI? News Week. Available from http://www.newsweek.com/will-us-coalition-help-expel-isis-al-shaddadi-428606.
NewYorkTimes. (2014, August), How the Air Campaign Against ISIS Grew. NewYork Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/31/world/middleeast/isis-airstrikes-map.html?_r=1
O’Neill, M. (2015, December 12), Chinese man fighting ISIS with Kurdish YPG fears deadly consequences after going public. News. Available from: http://www.news.com.au/technology/online/social/chinese-man-fighting-isis-with-kurdish-ypg-fears-deadly-consequences-after-going-public/news-story/06d57475d49286c3ed0a88259588ddce.
Oliphant, R. (2016, February), Syrian Kurds open diplomatic mission in Moscow. Available from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/12150692/Syrian-Kurds-open-diplomatic-mission-in-Moscow.html.
Percysept, J. (2015), Meet the American Vigilantes Who Are Fighting ISIS. NewYork Times. Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/magazine/meet-the-american-vigilantes-who-are-fighting-isis.html.
SIPA. (2013), Gulf2000 Project. Gulf2000project. Available from http://gulf2000.columbia.edu
Sputinknews. (2016, Feruary), Syrian Kurds Choose Prague for 1st European Office. Sputink. Available from http://sputniknews.com/europe/20160216/1034857922/kurdish-office-prague.html.
مطالعات خاورمیانه
دوره 26، شماره 3
مهر 1398
صفحه 15-46

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار